2012 National Healthcare Disparities Report

Chapter 9, Text Descriptions for Figures

Figure 9.1. People under age 65 with health insurance, by race and income, 2000-2010

Race	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
White	84.6	85.1	84.5	84	83.9	84.1	83.3	83.7	83.3	82.9	82.4
Black	80.5	81.2	81.2	81.6	82.4	81.6	81.9	83	82	81.1	79.4
Asian	82.4	82.7	82.6	81.8	83.5	82.9	85	84.6	86.1	83.8	82.9
NHOPI	72.4	86.3	74.9	88	89.8	80.4	80.1	69.4	77.4	73.2	75.6
AI/AN	61.6	66.9	60.9	65	65.4	67.8	62	61.2	71.6	67.5	56
>1 Race	83.2	83.4	82.4	84	87.7	83.5	81.6	85	84.2	81.8	84.2

Income	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
Poor	65.8	66.9	69.7	68.9	69	69.4	69.8	71.6	71	69.6	69.8
Low Income	69	70.9	71.3	70.2	71	71.4	70.4	70	69.4	70.2	67.6
Middle Income	84.6	85.1	83.4	84.4	84.4	84.3	84.5	83.1	83.4	82.2	82.6
High Income	94.1	93.9	93.4	94.4	94.1	93.7	93.5	94.4	93.8	94.2	94.4

Key: AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native; NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 2000-2010.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population under age 65.
Note: NHIS respondents are asked about health insurance coverage at the time of interview. Respondents are considered insured if they have private health insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, State Children's Health Insurance Program, a State-sponsored health plan, other government-sponsored health plan, or a military health plan. If their only coverage is through the Indian Health Service, they are not considered insured. Estimates are not adjusted.

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Figure 9.2. People under age 65 who were uninsured all year, by ethnicity and income, 2002-2009

Ethnicity	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
Non-Hispanic White	8.9	9.7	9.9	10.1	10.3	10.3	10.3	10.8	11.8	11.7	11.9
Hispanic	28.3	28.7	29.8	28.2	28	28.9	28.5	28.6	29.5	28.9	29

Income	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
Poor	21.7	24.2	24.6	24	23.9	25	24.3	23.7	25.2	27	26.5
Low Income	23.8	24.2	24.5	24.9	24.8	23.8	24.3	24.5	26.4	25	26.1
Middle Income	11.4	13.4	12.1	13	12.7	13.7	13.9	15.5	15.8	14.9	15.1
High Income	5.4	5.5	5.7	5.2	6.3	6	6.2	5.7	6.6	7	6.2

Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2002-2009.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population under age 65.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better.

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Figure 9.3. Predicted percentages of adults ages 18-64 who were uninsured all year, by race, age, gender, family income, and education, 2002-2009

Race, Age, Gender, Family Income, Education	Percentage
White	17.6
Black	15.8
Asian	17.7
NHOPI	8.9
AI/AN	21.5
18-44	18.6
45-64	15
Male	20.4
Female	14.3
Poor	32.5
Low Income	30.1
Middle Income	16.7
High Income	7.4
<High School	24.3
High School Grad	18.5
Any College	12.8

Key: NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, pooled 2002-2009 Full Year files.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Predicted percentages are predicted marginals from a logistic regression model that includes the covariates race, age, gender, family income, education, health insurance, and residence location. Predicted percentages for multiple races did not meet criteria for data reliability and are not reported.

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Figure 9.4. People under age 65 who were uninsured all year, Hispanics and Asians, California, 2001-2009

Hispanic Groups	2001	2003	2005	2007	2009
Hispanic Total	22	20.1	17.8	18	18.1
Mexican	23.9	21.8	18.4	18.9	18.1
Central American	29.9	25.1	25.2	26.4	26.8
South American	11.9	15.9	13.9	9.7
Non-Hispanic White	6.1	5.9	5.8	5.8	7.5

Asian Groups	2001	2003	2005	2007	2009
All Asian	11	9.8	11.6	10.8	8.7
Chinese	9.9	10.8	8.9	8.2	7.6
Filipino	6.9	4.9	10.1	8
Korean	31	25	29.7	31.7	23.6
Vietnamese	13.5	11.8	11.9	12.3	7.5
South Asian	5.2	3	9	6.3

Source: University of California, Los Angeles, Center for Health Policy Research, California Health Interview Survey, 2001-2009.
Denominator: Hispanic and Asian civilian noninstitutionalized population ages 0-64 in California.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Data for Filipinos, South Asians, and South Americans did not meet criteria for statistical reliability in 2009.

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Figure 9.5. People under age 65 whose family's health insurance premium and out-of-pocket medical expenses were more than 10% of total family income, by race and family income, 2006-2009

Race	White	Black	Asian	AI/AN	>1 Race
2006	18	15.7	12.7	24.5	14.3
2007	16.8	14.3	16	9.9	15.2
2008	17.8	14.7	14.7	16.3	19
2009	17.9	14.7	15	20.6	18.3

Family Income	Poor	Low Income	Middle Income	High Income
2006	33.9	23.6	18.8	8.2
2007	29.6	23.6	18.7	6.7
2008	29.1	25.3	20.2	6.7
2009	29.2	25.1	19.1	7.3

Key: AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2006-2009.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population under age 65.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better. Total financial burden includes premiums and out-of-pocket costs for health care services.

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Figure 9.6. People with a specific source of ongoing care, by ethnicity and income, 2010

Ethnicity / Income	%
Non-Hispanic White	88.2
Hispanic	76.2
Poor	77.3
Low Income	79.1
Middle Income	85.5
High Income	91.9

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey, 2010.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population of all ages.
Note: Measure is age adjusted. A hospital emergency room is not included as a specific source of primary care.

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Figure 9.7. People with a usual primary care provider, by race and family income, 2002-2009

Year	Total	White	Black	Asian	AI/AN	>1 Race
2002	77.3	78.1	74.9	69.3	73.1	75.7
2003	77.6	78.5	73.4	71.3	79	78.6
2004	77.4	78.1	73.3	75.2	78.5	77.9
2005	76.6	77.5	71.9	70.2	79.3	77
2006	77.6	78.7	75.4	64.7	80.1	75.5
2007	76.3	77.2	73.3	69.4	72	77.1
2008	75.6	76.3	72.2	71.7	79.7	77.6
2009	75.9	76.7	72.7	80.1	68.4	77.7

Year	Poor	Low Income	Middle Income	High Income
2002	70.4	71.7	77.7	81.8
2003	69.3	72.7	78	82.3
2004	72.2	73.6	76.8	81.4
2005	70.4	73	75.7	81.1
2006	72.3	72.7	77	82.2
2007	70.5	71.5	75.1	81.5
2008	68.4	71.4	75.5	80.3
2009	67.2	70	76.3	81.9

Key: AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2002-2009.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population of all ages.
Note: A usual primary care provider is defined as the source of care that a person usually goes to for new health problems, preventive health care, and referrals to other health professionals.

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Figure 9.8. People who were unable to get or delayed in getting needed medical care, dental care, or prescription medicines in the last 12 months, by race and income, 2002-2009

Year	White	Black	Asian	AI/AN	>1 Race
2002	11.1	9.8	6.2	13.6	17.6
2003	11	11.6	6.8	15.9	16.7
2004	11	11.4	5	14.3	18
2005	11.5	11.1	7	16.2	16.3
2006	11.7	12.2	6.4	16.6	17.2
2007	10.3	9.3	5.5	8.4	10.9
2008	10.6	9.2	6.1	10.2	12.7
2009	11.6	10.2	6.5	8.1	10.9

Year	Poor	Low Income	Middle Income	High Income
2002	16.4	14	10.2	8.2
2003	16.4	14.7	10.9	7.5
2004	16.5	14.1	11.2	7.4
2005	16.5	14.7	11.7	7.8
2006	15.4	14.6	12.8	8.2
2007	14.7	13.2	9.7	7.2
2008	14.6	13.1	9.3	8.1
2009	15.4	14.6	11.4	7.5

Key: AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native.
Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2002-2009.
Denominator: Civilian noninstitutionalized population of all ages.
Note: For this measure, lower rates are better.

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Page last reviewed May 2013

Internet Citation: 2012 National Healthcare Disparities Report: Chapter 9, Text Descriptions for Figures. May 2013. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. http://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhdr12/chap9-text.html